[dev.garbage] runtime: cleanup and optimize span.base()

Prior to this CL the base of a span was calculated in various
places using shifts or calls to base(). This CL now
always calls base() which has been optimized to calculate the
base of the span when the span is initialized and store that
value in the span structure.

Change-Id: I661f2bfa21e3748a249cdf049ef9062db6e78100
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/20703


Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>