cmd/compile: in prove, zero right shifts of positive int by #bits - 1

Taking over Zach's CL 212277. Just cleaned up and added a test.

For a positive, signed integer, an arithmetic right shift of count
(bit-width - 1) equals zero. e.g. int64(22) >> 63 -> 0. This CL makes
prove replace these right shifts with a zero-valued constant.

These shifts may arise in source code explicitly, but can also be
created by the generic rewrite of signed division by a power of 2.
// Signed divide by power of 2.
// n / c =       n >> log(c) if n >= 0
//       = (n+c-1) >> log(c) if n < 0
// We conditionally add c-1 by adding n>>63>>(64-log(c))
	(first shift signed, second shift unsigned).
(Div64 <t> n (Const64 [c])) && isPowerOfTwo(c) ->
  (Rsh64x64
    (Add64 <t> n (Rsh64Ux64 <t>
    	(Rsh64x64 <t> n (Const64 <typ.UInt64> [63]))
	(Const64 <typ.UInt64> [64-log2(c)])))
    (Const64 <typ.UInt64> [log2(c)]))

If n is known to be positive, this rewrite includes an extra Add and 2
extra Rsh. This CL will allow prove to replace one of the extra Rsh with
a 0. That replacement then allows lateopt to remove all the unneccesary
fixups from the generic rewrite.

There is a rewrite rule to handle this case directly:
(Div64 n (Const64 [c])) && isNonNegative(n) && isPowerOfTwo(c) ->
	(Rsh64Ux64 n (Const64 <typ.UInt64> [log2(c)]))
But this implementation of isNonNegative really only handles constants
and a few special operations like len/cap. The division could be
handled if the factsTable version of isNonNegative were available.
Unfortunately, the first opt pass happens before prove even has a
chance to deduce the numerator is non-negative, so the generic rewrite
has already fired and created the extra Ops discussed above.

Fixes #36159

By Printf count, this zeroes 137 right shifts when building std and cmd.

Change-Id: Iab486910ac9d7cfb86ace2835456002732b384a2
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/232857


Run-TryBot: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Zhang <cherryyz@google.com>