sql.go

// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Package sql provides a generic interface around SQL (or SQL-like)
// databases.
//
// The sql package must be used in conjunction with a database driver.
// See https://golang.org/s/sqldrivers for a list of drivers.
//
// Drivers that do not support context cancelation will not return until
// after the query is completed.
//
// For usage examples, see the wiki page at
// https://golang.org/s/sqlwiki.
package sql

import (
	"context"
	"database/sql/driver"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"reflect"
	"runtime"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"
)

var (
	driversMu sync.RWMutex
	drivers   = make(map[string]driver.Driver)
)

// nowFunc returns the current time; it's overridden in tests.
var nowFunc = time.Now

// Register makes a database driver available by the provided name.
// If Register is called twice with the same name or if driver is nil,
// it panics.
func Register(name string, driver driver.Driver) {
	driversMu.Lock()
	defer driversMu.Unlock()
	if driver == nil {
		panic("sql: Register driver is nil")
	}
	if _, dup := drivers[name]; dup {
		panic("sql: Register called twice for driver " + name)
	}
	drivers[name] = driver
}

func unregisterAllDrivers() {
	driversMu.Lock()
	defer driversMu.Unlock()
	// For tests.
	drivers = make(map[string]driver.Driver)
}

// Drivers returns a sorted list of the names of the registered drivers.
func Drivers() []string {
	driversMu.RLock()
	defer driversMu.RUnlock()
	var list []string
	for name := range drivers {
		list = append(list, name)
	}
	sort.Strings(list)
	return list
}

// A NamedArg is a named argument. NamedArg values may be used as
// arguments to Query or Exec and bind to the corresponding named
// parameter in the SQL statement.
//
// For a more concise way to create NamedArg values, see
// the Named function.
type NamedArg struct {
	_Named_Fields_Required struct{}

	// Name is the name of the parameter placeholder.
	//
	// If empty, the ordinal position in the argument list will be
	// used.
	//
	// Name must omit any symbol prefix.
	Name string

	// Value is the value of the parameter.
	// It may be assigned the same value types as the query
	// arguments.
	Value interface{}
}

// Named provides a more concise way to create NamedArg values.
//
// Example usage:
//
//     db.ExecContext(ctx, `
//         delete from Invoice
//         where
//             TimeCreated < @end
//             and TimeCreated >= @start;`,
//         sql.Named("start", startTime),
//         sql.Named("end", endTime),
//     )
func Named(name string, value interface{}) NamedArg {
	// This method exists because the go1compat promise
	// doesn't guarantee that structs don't grow more fields,
	// so unkeyed struct literals are a vet error. Thus, we don't
	// want to allow sql.NamedArg{name, value}.
	return NamedArg{Name: name, Value: value}
}

// IsolationLevel is the transaction isolation level used in TxOptions.
type IsolationLevel int

// Various isolation levels that drivers may support in BeginTx.
// If a driver does not support a given isolation level an error may be returned.
//
// See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(database_systems)#Isolation_levels.
const (
	LevelDefault IsolationLevel = iota
	LevelReadUncommitted
	LevelReadCommitted
	LevelWriteCommitted
	LevelRepeatableRead
	LevelSnapshot
	LevelSerializable
	LevelLinearizable
)

func (i IsolationLevel) String() string {
	switch i {
	case LevelDefault:
		return "Default"
	case LevelReadUncommitted:
		return "Read Uncommitted"
	case LevelReadCommitted:
		return "Read Committed"
	case LevelWriteCommitted:
		return "Write Committed"
	case LevelRepeatableRead:
		return "Repeatable Read"
	case LevelSnapshot:
		return "Snapshot"
	case LevelSerializable:
		return "Serializable"
	case LevelLinearizable:
		return "Linearizable"
	default:
		return "IsolationLevel(" + strconv.Itoa(int(i)) + ")"
	}
}

var _ fmt.Stringer = LevelDefault

// TxOptions holds the transaction options to be used in DB.BeginTx.
type TxOptions struct {
	// Isolation is the transaction isolation level.
	// If zero, the driver or database's default level is used.
	Isolation IsolationLevel
	ReadOnly  bool
}

// RawBytes is a byte slice that holds a reference to memory owned by
// the database itself. After a Scan into a RawBytes, the slice is only
// valid until the next call to Next, Scan, or Close.
type RawBytes []byte

// NullString represents a string that may be null.
// NullString implements the Scanner interface so
// it can be used as a scan destination:
//
//  var s NullString
//  err := db.QueryRow("SELECT name FROM foo WHERE id=?", id).Scan(&s)
//  ...
//  if s.Valid {
//     // use s.String
//  } else {
//     // NULL value
//  }
//
type NullString struct {
	String string
	Valid  bool // Valid is true if String is not NULL
}

// Scan implements the Scanner interface.
func (ns *NullString) Scan(value interface{}) error {
	if value == nil {
		ns.String, ns.Valid = "", false
		return nil
	}
	ns.Valid = true
	return convertAssign(&ns.String, value)
}

// Value implements the driver Valuer interface.
func (ns NullString) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
	if !ns.Valid {
		return nil, nil
	}
	return ns.String, nil
}

// NullInt64 represents an int64 that may be null.
// NullInt64 implements the Scanner interface so
// it can be used as a scan destination, similar to NullString.
type NullInt64 struct {
	Int64 int64
	Valid bool // Valid is true if Int64 is not NULL
}

// Scan implements the Scanner interface.
func (n *NullInt64) Scan(value interface{}) error {
	if value == nil {
		n.Int64, n.Valid = 0, false
		return nil
	}
	n.Valid = true
	return convertAssign(&n.Int64, value)
}

// Value implements the driver Valuer interface.
func (n NullInt64) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
	if !n.Valid {
		return nil, nil
	}
	return n.Int64, nil
}

// NullFloat64 represents a float64 that may be null.
// NullFloat64 implements the Scanner interface so
// it can be used as a scan destination, similar to NullString.
type NullFloat64 struct {
	Float64 float64
	Valid   bool // Valid is true if Float64 is not NULL
}

// Scan implements the Scanner interface.
func (n *NullFloat64) Scan(value interface{}) error {
	if value == nil {
		n.Float64, n.Valid = 0, false
		return nil
	}
	n.Valid = true
	return convertAssign(&n.Float64, value)
}

// Value implements the driver Valuer interface.
func (n NullFloat64) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
	if !n.Valid {
		return nil, nil
	}
	return n.Float64, nil
}

// NullBool represents a bool that may be null.
// NullBool implements the Scanner interface so
// it can be used as a scan destination, similar to NullString.
type NullBool struct {
	Bool  bool
	Valid bool // Valid is true if Bool is not NULL
}

// Scan implements the Scanner interface.
func (n *NullBool) Scan(value interface{}) error {
	if value == nil {
		n.Bool, n.Valid = false, false
		return nil
	}
	n.Valid = true
	return convertAssign(&n.Bool, value)
}

// Value implements the driver Valuer interface.
func (n NullBool) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
	if !n.Valid {
		return nil, nil
	}
	return n.Bool, nil
}

// Scanner is an interface used by Scan.
type Scanner interface {
	// Scan assigns a value from a database driver.
	//
	// The src value will be of one of the following types:
	//
	//    int64
	//    float64
	//    bool
	//    []byte
	//    string
	//    time.Time
	//    nil - for NULL values
	//
	// An error should be returned if the value cannot be stored
	// without loss of information.
	Scan(src interface{}) error
}

// Out may be used to retrieve OUTPUT value parameters from stored procedures.
//
// Not all drivers and databases support OUTPUT value parameters.
//
// Example usage:
//
//   var outArg string
//   _, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, "ProcName", sql.Named("Arg1", sql.Out{Dest: &outArg}))
type Out struct {
	_Named_Fields_Required struct{}

	// Dest is a pointer to the value that will be set to the result of the
	// stored procedure's OUTPUT parameter.
	Dest interface{}

	// In is whether the parameter is an INOUT parameter. If so, the input value to the stored
	// procedure is the dereferenced value of Dest's pointer, which is then replaced with
	// the output value.
	In bool
}

// ErrNoRows is returned by Scan when QueryRow doesn't return a
// row. In such a case, QueryRow returns a placeholder *Row value that
// defers this error until a Scan.
var ErrNoRows = errors.New("sql: no rows in result set")

// DB is a database handle representing a pool of zero or more
// underlying connections. It's safe for concurrent use by multiple
// goroutines.
//
// The sql package creates and frees connections automatically; it
// also maintains a free pool of idle connections. If the database has
// a concept of per-connection state, such state can only be reliably
// observed within a transaction. Once DB.Begin is called, the
// returned Tx is bound to a single connection. Once Commit or
// Rollback is called on the transaction, that transaction's
// connection is returned to DB's idle connection pool. The pool size
// can be controlled with SetMaxIdleConns.
type DB struct {
	connector driver.Connector
	// numClosed is an atomic counter which represents a total number of
	// closed connections. Stmt.openStmt checks it before cleaning closed
	// connections in Stmt.css.
	numClosed uint64

	mu           sync.Mutex // protects following fields
	freeConn     []*driverConn
	connRequests map[uint64]chan connRequest
	nextRequest  uint64 // Next key to use in connRequests.
	numOpen      int    // number of opened and pending open connections
	// Used to signal the need for new connections
	// a goroutine running connectionOpener() reads on this chan and
	// maybeOpenNewConnections sends on the chan (one send per needed connection)
	// It is closed during db.Close(). The close tells the connectionOpener
	// goroutine to exit.
	openerCh    chan struct{}
	resetterCh  chan *driverConn
	closed      bool
	dep         map[finalCloser]depSet
	lastPut     map[*driverConn]string // stacktrace of last conn's put; debug only
	maxIdle     int                    // zero means defaultMaxIdleConns; negative means 0
	maxOpen     int                    // <= 0 means unlimited
	maxLifetime time.Duration          // maximum amount of time a connection may be reused
	cleanerCh   chan struct{}

	stop func() // stop cancels the connection opener and the session resetter.
}

// connReuseStrategy determines how (*DB).conn returns database connections.
type connReuseStrategy uint8

const (
	// alwaysNewConn forces a new connection to the database.
	alwaysNewConn connReuseStrategy = iota
	// cachedOrNewConn returns a cached connection, if available, else waits
	// for one to become available (if MaxOpenConns has been reached) or
	// creates a new database connection.
	cachedOrNewConn
)

// driverConn wraps a driver.Conn with a mutex, to
// be held during all calls into the Conn. (including any calls onto
// interfaces returned via that Conn, such as calls on Tx, Stmt,
// Result, Rows)
type driverConn struct {
	db        *DB
	createdAt time.Time

	sync.Mutex  // guards following
	ci          driver.Conn
	closed      bool
	finalClosed bool // ci.Close has been called
	openStmt    map[*driverStmt]bool
	lastErr     error // lastError captures the result of the session resetter.

	// guarded by db.mu
	inUse      bool
	onPut      []func() // code (with db.mu held) run when conn is next returned
	dbmuClosed bool     // same as closed, but guarded by db.mu, for removeClosedStmtLocked
}

func (dc *driverConn) releaseConn(err error) {
	dc.db.putConn(dc, err, true)
}

func (dc *driverConn) removeOpenStmt(ds *driverStmt) {
	dc.Lock()
	defer dc.Unlock()
	delete(dc.openStmt, ds)
}

func (dc *driverConn) expired(timeout time.Duration) bool {
	if timeout <= 0 {
		return false
	}
	return dc.createdAt.Add(timeout).Before(nowFunc())
}

// prepareLocked prepares the query on dc. When cg == nil the dc must keep track of
// the prepared statements in a pool.
func (dc *driverConn) prepareLocked(ctx context.Context, cg stmtConnGrabber, query string) (*driverStmt, error) {
	si, err := ctxDriverPrepare(ctx, dc.ci, query)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	ds := &driverStmt{Locker: dc, si: si}

	// No need to manage open statements if there is a single connection grabber.
	if cg != nil {
		return ds, nil
	}

	// Track each driverConn's open statements, so we can close them
	// before closing the conn.
	//
	// Wrap all driver.Stmt is *driverStmt to ensure they are only closed once.
	if dc.openStmt == nil {
		dc.openStmt = make(map[*driverStmt]bool)
	}
	dc.openStmt[ds] = true
	return ds, nil
}

// resetSession resets the connection session and sets the lastErr
// that is checked before returning the connection to another query.
//
// resetSession assumes that the embedded mutex is locked when the connection
// was returned to the pool. This unlocks the mutex.
func (dc *driverConn) resetSession(ctx context.Context) {
	defer dc.Unlock() // In case of panic.
	if dc.closed {    // Check if the database has been closed.
		return
	}
	dc.lastErr = dc.ci.(driver.SessionResetter).ResetSession(ctx)
}

// the dc.db's Mutex is held.
func (dc *driverConn) closeDBLocked() func() error {
	dc.Lock()
	defer dc.Unlock()
	if dc.closed {
		return func() error { return errors.New("sql: duplicate driverConn close") }
	}
	dc.closed = true
	return dc.db.removeDepLocked(dc, dc)
}

func (dc *driverConn) Close() error {
	dc.Lock()
	if dc.closed {
		dc.Unlock()
		return errors.New("sql: duplicate driverConn close")
	}
	dc.closed = true
	dc.Unlock() // not defer; removeDep finalClose calls may need to lock

	// And now updates that require holding dc.mu.Lock.
	dc.db.mu.Lock()
	dc.dbmuClosed = true
	fn := dc.db.removeDepLocked(dc, dc)
	dc.db.mu.Unlock()
	return fn()
}

func (dc *driverConn) finalClose() error {
	var err error

	// Each *driverStmt has a lock to the dc. Copy the list out of the dc
	// before calling close on each stmt.
	var openStmt []*driverStmt
	withLock(dc, func() {
		openStmt = make([]*driverStmt, 0, len(dc.openStmt))
		for ds := range dc.openStmt {
			openStmt = append(openStmt, ds)
		}
		dc.openStmt = nil
	})
	for _, ds := range openStmt {
		ds.Close()
	}
	withLock(dc, func() {
		dc.finalClosed = true
		err = dc.ci.Close()
		dc.ci = nil
	})

	dc.db.mu.Lock()
	dc.db.numOpen--
	dc.db.maybeOpenNewConnections()
	dc.db.mu.Unlock()

	atomic.AddUint64(&dc.db.numClosed, 1)
	return err
}

// driverStmt associates a driver.Stmt with the
// *driverConn from which it came, so the driverConn's lock can be
// held during calls.
type driverStmt struct {
	sync.Locker // the *driverConn
	si          driver.Stmt
	closed      bool
	closeErr    error // return value of previous Close call
}

// Close ensures dirver.Stmt is only closed once any always returns the same
// result.
func (ds *driverStmt) Close() error {
	ds.Lock()
	defer ds.Unlock()
	if ds.closed {
		return ds.closeErr
	}
	ds.closed = true
	ds.closeErr = ds.si.Close()
	return ds.closeErr
}

// depSet is a finalCloser's outstanding dependencies
type depSet map[interface{}]bool // set of true bools

// The finalCloser interface is used by (*DB).addDep and related
// dependency reference counting.
type finalCloser interface {
	// finalClose is called when the reference count of an object
	// goes to zero. (*DB).mu is not held while calling it.
	finalClose() error
}

// addDep notes that x now depends on dep, and x's finalClose won't be
// called until all of x's dependencies are removed with removeDep.
func (db *DB) addDep(x finalCloser, dep interface{}) {
	//println(fmt.Sprintf("addDep(%T %p, %T %p)", x, x, dep, dep))
	db.mu.Lock()
	defer db.mu.Unlock()
	db.addDepLocked(x, dep)
}

func (db *DB) addDepLocked(x finalCloser, dep interface{}) {
	if db.dep == nil {
		db.dep = make(map[finalCloser]depSet)
	}
	xdep := db.dep[x]
	if xdep == nil {
		xdep = make(depSet)
		db.dep[x] = xdep
	}
	xdep[dep] = true
}

// removeDep notes that x no longer depends on dep.
// If x still has dependencies, nil is returned.
// If x no longer has any dependencies, its finalClose method will be
// called and its error value will be returned.
func (db *DB) removeDep(x finalCloser, dep interface{}) error {
	db.mu.Lock()
	fn := db.removeDepLocked(x, dep)
	db.mu.Unlock()
	return fn()
}

func (db *DB) removeDepLocked(x finalCloser, dep interface{}) func() error {
	//println(fmt.Sprintf("removeDep(%T %p, %T %p)", x, x, dep, dep))

	xdep, ok := db.dep[x]
	if !ok {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unpaired removeDep: no deps for %T", x))
	}

	l0 := len(xdep)
	delete(xdep, dep)

	switch len(xdep) {
	case l0:
		// Nothing removed. Shouldn't happen.
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unpaired removeDep: no %T dep on %T", dep, x))
	case 0:
		// No more dependencies.
		delete(db.dep, x)
		return x.finalClose
	default:
		// Dependencies remain.
		return func() error { return nil }
	}
}

// This is the size of the connectionOpener request chan (DB.openerCh).
// This value should be larger than the maximum typical value
// used for db.maxOpen. If maxOpen is significantly larger than
// connectionRequestQueueSize then it is possible for ALL calls into the *DB
// to block until the connectionOpener can satisfy the backlog of requests.
var connectionRequestQueueSize = 1000000

type dsnConnector struct {
	dsn    string
	driver driver.Driver
}

func (t dsnConnector) Connect(_ context.Context) (driver.Conn, error) {
	return t.driver.Open(t.dsn)
}

func (t dsnConnector) Driver() driver.Driver {
	return t.driver
}

// OpenDB opens a database using a Connector, allowing drivers to
// bypass a string based data source name.
//
// Most users will open a database via a driver-specific connection
// helper function that returns a *DB. No database drivers are included
// in the Go standard library. See https://golang.org/s/sqldrivers for
// a list of third-party drivers.
//
// OpenDB may just validate its arguments without creating a connection
// to the database. To verify that the data source name is valid, call
// Ping.
//
// The returned DB is safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines
// and maintains its own pool of idle connections. Thus, the OpenDB
// function should be called just once. It is rarely necessary to
// close a DB.
func OpenDB(c driver.Connector) *DB {
	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
	db := &DB{
		connector:    c,
		openerCh:     make(chan struct{}, connectionRequestQueueSize),
		resetterCh:   make(chan *driverConn, 50),
		lastPut:      make(map[*driverConn]string),
		connRequests: make(map[uint64]chan connRequest),
		stop:         cancel,
	}

	go db.connectionOpener(ctx)
	go db.connectionResetter(ctx)

	return db
}

// Open opens a database specified by its database driver name and a
// driver-specific data source name, usually consisting of at least a
// database name and connection information.
//
// Most users will open a database via a driver-specific connection
// helper function that returns a *DB. No database drivers are included
// in the Go standard library. See https://golang.org/s/sqldrivers for
// a list of third-party drivers.
//
// Open may just validate its arguments without creating a connection
// to the database. To verify that the data source name is valid, call
// Ping.
//
// The returned DB is safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines
// and maintains its own pool of idle connections. Thus, the Open
// function should be called just once. It is rarely necessary to
// close a DB.
func Open(driverName, dataSourceName string) (*DB, error) {
	driversMu.RLock()
	driveri, ok := drivers[driverName]
	driversMu.RUnlock()
	if !ok {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql: unknown driver %q (forgotten import?)", driverName)
	}

	if driverCtx, ok := driveri.(driver.DriverContext); ok {
		connector, err := driverCtx.OpenConnector(dataSourceName)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		return OpenDB(connector), nil
	}

	return OpenDB(dsnConnector{dsn: dataSourceName, driver: driveri}), nil
}

func (db *DB) pingDC(ctx context.Context, dc *driverConn, release func(error)) error {
	var err error
	if pinger, ok := dc.ci.(driver.Pinger); ok {
		withLock(dc, func() {
			err = pinger.Ping(ctx)
		})
	}
	release(err)
	return err
}

// PingContext verifies a connection to the database is still alive,
// establishing a connection if necessary.
func (db *DB) PingContext(ctx context.Context) error {
	var dc *driverConn
	var err error

	for i := 0; i < maxBadConnRetries; i++ {
		dc, err = db.conn(ctx, cachedOrNewConn)
		if err != driver.ErrBadConn {
			break
		}
	}
	if err == driver.ErrBadConn {
		dc, err = db.conn(ctx, alwaysNewConn)
	}
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return db.pingDC(ctx, dc, dc.releaseConn)
}

// Ping verifies a connection to the database is still alive,
// establishing a connection if necessary.
func (db *DB) Ping() error {
	return db.PingContext(context.Background())
}

// Close closes the database, releasing any open resources.
//
// It is rare to Close a DB, as the DB handle is meant to be
// long-lived and shared between many goroutines.
func (db *DB) Close() error {
	db.mu.Lock()
	if db.closed { // Make DB.Close idempotent
		db.mu.Unlock()
		return nil
	}
	if db.cleanerCh != nil {
		close(db.cleanerCh)
	}
	var err error
	fns := make([]func() error, 0, len(db.freeConn))
	for _, dc := range db.freeConn {
		fns = append(fns, dc.closeDBLocked())
	}
	db.freeConn = nil
	db.closed = true
	for _, req := range db.connRequests {
		close(req)
	}
	db.mu.Unlock()
	for _, fn := range fns {
		err1 := fn()
		if err1 != nil {
			err = err1
		}
	}
	db.stop()
	return err
}

const defaultMaxIdleConns = 2

func (db *DB) maxIdleConnsLocked() int {
	n := db.maxIdle
	switch {
	case n == 0:
		// TODO(bradfitz): ask driver, if supported, for its default preference
		return defaultMaxIdleConns
	case n < 0:
		return 0
	default:
		return n
	}
}

// SetMaxIdleConns sets the maximum number of connections in the idle
// connection pool.
//
// If MaxOpenConns is greater than 0 but less than the new MaxIdleConns
// then the new MaxIdleConns will be reduced to match the MaxOpenConns limit
//
// If n <= 0, no idle connections are retained.
func (db *DB) SetMaxIdleConns(n int) {
	db.mu.Lock()
	if n > 0 {
		db.maxIdle = n
	} else {
		// No idle connections.
		db.maxIdle = -1
	}
	// Make sure maxIdle doesn't exceed maxOpen
	if db.maxOpen > 0 && db.maxIdleConnsLocked() > db.maxOpen {
		db.maxIdle = db.maxOpen
	}
	var closing []*driverConn
	idleCount := len(db.freeConn)
	maxIdle := db.maxIdleConnsLocked()
	if idleCount > maxIdle {
		closing = db.freeConn[maxIdle:]
		db.freeConn = db.freeConn[:maxIdle]
	}
	db.mu.Unlock()
	for _, c := range closing {
		c.Close()
	}
}

// SetMaxOpenConns sets the maximum number of open connections to the database.
//
// If MaxIdleConns is greater than 0 and the new MaxOpenConns is less than
// MaxIdleConns, then MaxIdleConns will be reduced to match the new
// MaxOpenConns limit
//
// If n <= 0, then there is no limit on the number of open connections.
// The default is 0 (unlimited).
func (db *DB) SetMaxOpenConns(n int) {
	db.mu.Lock()
	db.maxOpen = n
	if n < 0 {
		db.maxOpen = 0
	}
	syncMaxIdle := db.maxOpen > 0 && db.maxIdleConnsLocked() > db.maxOpen
	db.mu.Unlock()
	if syncMaxIdle {
		db.SetMaxIdleConns(n)
	}
}

// SetConnMaxLifetime sets the maximum amount of time a connection may be reused.
//
// Expired connections may be closed lazily before reuse.
//
// If d <= 0, connections are reused forever.
func (db *DB) SetConnMaxLifetime(d time.Duration) {
	if d < 0 {
		d = 0
	}
	db.mu.Lock()
	// wake cleaner up when lifetime is shortened.
	if d > 0 && d < db.maxLifetime && db.cleanerCh != nil {
		select {
		case db.cleanerCh <- struct{}{}:
		default:
		}
	}
	db.maxLifetime = d
	db.startCleanerLocked()
	db.mu.Unlock()
}

// startCleanerLocked starts connectionCleaner if needed.
func (db *DB) startCleanerLocked() {
	if db.maxLifetime > 0 && db.numOpen > 0 && db.cleanerCh == nil {
		db.cleanerCh = make(chan struct{}, 1)
		go db.connectionCleaner(db.maxLifetime)
	}
}

func (db *DB) connectionCleaner(d time.Duration) {
	const minInterval = time.Second

	if d < minInterval {
		d = minInterval
	}
	t := time.NewTimer(d)

	for {
		select {
		case <-t.C:
		case <-db.cleanerCh: // maxLifetime was changed or db was closed.
		}

		db.mu.Lock()
		d = db.maxLifetime
		if db.closed || db.numOpen == 0 || d <= 0 {
			db.cleanerCh = nil
			db.mu.Unlock()
			return
		}

		expiredSince := nowFunc().Add(-d)
		var closing []*driverConn
		for i := 0; i < len(db.freeConn); i++ {
			c := db.freeConn[i]
			if c.createdAt.Before(expiredSince) {
				closing = append(closing, c)
				last := len(db.freeConn) - 1
				db.freeConn[i] = db.freeConn[last]
				db.freeConn[last] = nil
				db.freeConn = db.freeConn[:last]
				i--
			}
		}
		db.mu.Unlock()

		for _, c := range closing {
			c.Close()
		}

		if d < minInterval {
			d = minInterval
		}
		t.Reset(d)
	}
}

// DBStats contains database statistics.
type DBStats struct {
	// OpenConnections is the number of open connections to the database.
	OpenConnections int
}

// Stats returns database statistics.
func (db *DB) Stats() DBStats {
	db.mu.Lock()
	stats := DBStats{
		OpenConnections: db.numOpen,
	}
	db.mu.Unlock()
	return stats
}

// Assumes db.mu is locked.
// If there are connRequests and the connection limit hasn't been reached,
// then tell the connectionOpener to open new connections.
func (db *DB) maybeOpenNewConnections() {
	numRequests := len(db.connRequests)
	if db.maxOpen > 0 {
		numCanOpen := db.maxOpen - db.numOpen
		if numRequests > numCanOpen {
			numRequests = numCanOpen
		}
	}
	for numRequests > 0 {
		db.numOpen++ // optimistically
		numRequests--
		if db.closed {
			return
		}
		db.openerCh <- struct{}{}
	}
}

// Runs in a separate goroutine, opens new connections when requested.
func (db *DB) connectionOpener(ctx context.Context) {
	for {
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			return
		case <-db.openerCh:
			db.openNewConnection(ctx)
		}
	}
}

// connectionResetter runs in a separate goroutine to reset connections async
// to exported API.
func (db *DB) connectionResetter(ctx context.Context) {
	for {
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			close(db.resetterCh)
			for dc := range db.resetterCh {
				dc.Unlock()
			}
			return
		case dc := <-db.resetterCh:
			dc.resetSession(ctx)
		}
	}
}

// Open one new connection
func (db *DB) openNewConnection(ctx context.Context) {
	// maybeOpenNewConnctions has already executed db.numOpen++ before it sent
	// on db.openerCh. This function must execute db.numOpen-- if the
	// connection fails or is closed before returning.
	ci, err := db.connector.Connect(ctx)
	db.mu.Lock()
	defer db.mu.Unlock()
	if db.closed {
		if err == nil {
			ci.Close()
		}
		db.numOpen--
		return