syscall: add ptracePtr that accepts pointer arg as unsafe.Pointer

The existing ptrace wrapper accepts pointer argument as an uintptr which
often points to the memory allocated in Go. This violates unsafe.Pointer safety
rules.

Fixes #58387

Change-Id: Iab12122c495953f94ea00c2a61654a818a464205
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/470299


TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Dmitri Goutnik <dgoutnik@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Bryan Mills <bcmills@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@google.com>
Auto-Submit: Dmitri Goutnik <dgoutnik@gmail.com>